Tailscale 服务部署快速参考 2025-02-26

2025/02/28: 修复了笔误，感谢 @taoky。

Tailscale 介绍

来源于 Kimi.ai，K1.5 Long thinking

Tailscale 是一种网状 VPN 服务，它简化了不同网络中设备和服务之间的安全连接。以下是关于它的一些关键点：

• 基本概念和工作原理
  • 网状网络架构：与传统的使用中央网关的 VPN 不同，Tailscale 创建了一个点对点的网状网络（称为 tailnet）。网络中的每个设备都可以直接与其他设备通信，从而降低了延迟并提高了吞吐量。
  • WireGuard 协议：它利用开源的 WireGuard 协议进行加密的点对点连接。该协议以其安全性和性能著称，提供了端到端的加密和零信任架构。
• 优势
  • 高性能：去中心化的架构避免了单点故障和瓶颈，即使网络规模扩大，也能确保稳定可靠的连接。
  • 安全性和隐私性：基于现代技术和最佳实践构建，Tailscale 提供了强大的安全功能，如访问控制策略和 tailnet 锁定。它还符合各种安全标准。
  • 易于使用：Tailscale 高度可配置，但设置起来非常简单。用户无需深厚的网络知识即可在几分钟内部署一个 tailnet。“零配置”方法允许在防火墙和 NAT 之后无缝连接，无需复杂的配置。

服务端部署

其实 Tailscale 可以采用官方的服务器，不过也可以使用开源的 headscale 实现，自己搭建登录服务器。

这里选择采用

• headscale v0.23.0 作为登录服务器
• headscale-ui
• Caddy 作为反向代理，把 UI 和 headscale 本身需要提供的网关功能搓到一起，同时自动获取 SSL 证书来处理 https

采用 Docker Compose v3 来简单编排容器。

具体可以参考后面的“附录：全量服务端配置”。

配置文件和其余命令约定如下：

• your.example.com 是用来 host Tailscale 的你的域名，其应该有正确配置的 A 和 AAAA 记录。
• your_email@example.com 是你的邮箱。
• intra.example.com 是 MagicDNS 前缀，Tailscale 网络内的客户端在连接到 Tailscale 网络后，可以通过 主机名.intra.example.com 解析到彼此的网内 IP 地址。这里推荐采用自己域名的子域名，这样以避免和互联网上的可能域名冲突。

在按全量服务端配置配置后，需要生成 api key 用于 Headscale UI 的 Web 访问。

可以考虑用下面的命令生成 Key：

# 3650d 代表该 apikey 将在 3650 天后过期
docker exec -it headscale headscale apikeys create -e 3650d

记录该 Key，并填入 Headscale UI，就可以通过浏览器管理客户端设备和用户的访问权限等。

客户端连接

Windows

在 Tailscale 官方网站下载客户端，安装后，打开 cmd，输入

tailscale login --login-server http://your.example.com/

后，点击下图的托盘提示，跳转到 Headscale 的提示页面

然后打开 Headscale UI 的 Device 页面 （例如，https://your.example.com/web/devices.html）增加 User 后增加相应 Device 即可。

附录：全量服务端配置

• your.example.com 是用来 host Tailscale 的你的域名，其应该有正确配置的 A 和 AAAA 记录。
• your_email@example.com 是你的邮箱。
• intra.example.com 是 MagicDNS 前缀，Tailscale 网络内的客户端在连接到 Tailscale 网络后，可以通过 主机名.intra.example.com 解析到彼此的网内 IP 地址。这里推荐采用自己域名的子域名，这样以避免和互联网上的可能域名冲突。

./docker-compose.yaml

这里最后会暴露 80，443 两个端口。

version: "3.7"

services:
  headscale:
    image: headscale/headscale:v0.23.0
    restart: unless-stopped
    container_name: headscale
    ports: # 80 is to be forwarded by caddy, and hence not exposed
           # only need to expose others locally
      - "127.0.0.1:9090:9090"  # /metrics
      - "127.0.0.1:50443:50443"  # grpc api
    volumes:
      - /home/libreliu/headscale/config:/etc/headscale
      - headscale_data:/var/lib/headscale
    command: serve
    networks:
      - hs-net

  headscale-ui:
    image: ghcr.io/gurucomputing/headscale-ui:latest
    restart: unless-stopped
    container_name: headscale-ui
    expose:
      - "8443"
      - "8080"
    networks:
      - hs-net

  caddy:
    image: caddy:latest
    container_name: caddy
    restart: unless-stopped
    ports:
      - "80:80"
      - "443:443"
    volumes:
      - ./Caddyfile:/etc/caddy/Caddyfile
      - caddy_data:/data
      - caddy_config:/config
    networks:
      - hs-net

networks:
  hs-net:
    driver: bridge

volumes:
  caddy_data:
  caddy_config:
  headscale_data:

./Caddyfile

{
    email your_email@example.com  # Provide a valid email for ACME notifications.
    admin off  # Disable Caddy's admin API if not needed.
}

# Route for Headscale UI
your.example.com {
    reverse_proxy /web* http://headscale-ui:8080
    reverse_proxy * http://headscale:80
}

./config/config.yaml

---
# headscale will look for a configuration file named `config.yaml` (or `config.json`) in the following order:
#
# - `/etc/headscale`
# - `~/.headscale`
# - current working directory

# The url clients will connect to.
# Typically this will be a domain like:
#
# https://myheadscale.example.com:443
#
server_url: https://your.example.com:443

# Address to listen to / bind to on the server
#
# For production:
listen_addr: 0.0.0.0:80
#listen_addr: 127.0.0.1:8080

# Address to listen to /metrics, you may want
# to keep this endpoint private to your internal
# network
#
#metrics_listen_addr: 127.0.0.1:9090
metrics_listen_addr: 0.0.0.0:9090

# Address to listen for gRPC.
# gRPC is used for controlling a headscale server
# remotely with the CLI
# Note: Remote access _only_ works if you have
# valid certificates.
#
# For production:
#grpc_listen_addr: 0.0.0.0:50443
grpc_listen_addr: 127.0.0.1:50443

# Allow the gRPC admin interface to run in INSECURE
# mode. This is not recommended as the traffic will
# be unencrypted. Only enable if you know what you
# are doing.
grpc_allow_insecure: false

# The Noise section includes specific configuration for the
# TS2021 Noise protocol
noise:
  # The Noise private key is used to encrypt the
  # traffic between headscale and Tailscale clients when
  # using the new Noise-based protocol.
  private_key_path: /var/lib/headscale/noise_private.key

# List of IP prefixes to allocate tailaddresses from.
# Each prefix consists of either an IPv4 or IPv6 address,
# and the associated prefix length, delimited by a slash.
# It must be within IP ranges supported by the Tailscale
# client - i.e., subnets of 100.64.0.0/10 and fd7a:115c:a1e0::/48.
# See below:
# IPv6: https://github.com/tailscale/tailscale/blob/22ebb25e833264f58d7c3f534a8b166894a89536/net/tsaddr/tsaddr.go#LL81C52-L81C71
# IPv4: https://github.com/tailscale/tailscale/blob/22ebb25e833264f58d7c3f534a8b166894a89536/net/tsaddr/tsaddr.go#L33
# Any other range is NOT supported, and it will cause unexpected issues.
prefixes:
  v6: fd7a:115c:a1e0::/48
  v4: 100.64.0.0/10

  # Strategy used for allocation of IPs to nodes, available options:
  # - sequential (default): assigns the next free IP from the previous given IP.
  # - random: assigns the next free IP from a pseudo-random IP generator (crypto/rand).
  allocation: sequential

# DERP is a relay system that Tailscale uses when a direct
# connection cannot be established.
# https://tailscale.com/blog/how-tailscale-works/#encrypted-tcp-relays-derp
#
# headscale needs a list of DERP servers that can be presented
# to the clients.
derp:
  server:
    # If enabled, runs the embedded DERP server and merges it into the rest of the DERP config
    # The Headscale server_url defined above MUST be using https, DERP requires TLS to be in place
    enabled: false

    # Region ID to use for the embedded DERP server.
    # The local DERP prevails if the region ID collides with other region ID coming from
    # the regular DERP config.
    region_id: 999

    # Region code and name are displayed in the Tailscale UI to identify a DERP region
    region_code: "headscale"
    region_name: "Headscale Embedded DERP"

    # Listens over UDP at the configured address for STUN connections - to help with NAT traversal.
    # When the embedded DERP server is enabled stun_listen_addr MUST be defined.
    #
    # For more details on how this works, check this great article: https://tailscale.com/blog/how-tailscale-works/
    stun_listen_addr: "0.0.0.0:3478"

    # Private key used to encrypt the traffic between headscale DERP
    # and Tailscale clients.
    # The private key file will be autogenerated if it's missing.
    #
    private_key_path: /var/lib/headscale/derp_server_private.key

    # This flag can be used, so the DERP map entry for the embedded DERP server is not written automatically,
    # it enables the creation of your very own DERP map entry using a locally available file with the parameter DERP.paths
    # If you enable the DERP server and set this to false, it is required to add the DERP server to the DERP map using DERP.paths
    automatically_add_embedded_derp_region: true

    # For better connection stability (especially when using an Exit-Node and DNS is not working),
    # it is possible to optionally add the public IPv4 and IPv6 address to the Derp-Map using:
    ipv4: 1.2.3.4
    ipv6: 2001:db8::1

  # List of externally available DERP maps encoded in JSON
  urls:
    - https://controlplane.tailscale.com/derpmap/default

  # Locally available DERP map files encoded in YAML
  #
  # This option is mostly interesting for people hosting
  # their own DERP servers:
  # https://tailscale.com/kb/1118/custom-derp-servers/
  #
  # paths:
  #   - /etc/headscale/derp-example.yaml
  paths: []

  # If enabled, a worker will be set up to periodically
  # refresh the given sources and update the derpmap
  # will be set up.
  auto_update_enabled: true

  # How often should we check for DERP updates?
  update_frequency: 24h

# Disables the automatic check for headscale updates on startup
disable_check_updates: false

# Time before an inactive ephemeral node is deleted?
ephemeral_node_inactivity_timeout: 30m

database:
  # Database type. Available options: sqlite, postgres
  # Please note that using Postgres is highly discouraged as it is only supported for legacy reasons.
  # All new development, testing and optimisations are done with SQLite in mind.
  type: sqlite

  # Enable debug mode. This setting requires the log.level to be set to "debug" or "trace".
  debug: false

  # GORM configuration settings.
  gorm:
    # Enable prepared statements.
    prepare_stmt: true

    # Enable parameterized queries.
    parameterized_queries: true

    # Skip logging "record not found" errors.
    skip_err_record_not_found: true

    # Threshold for slow queries in milliseconds.
    slow_threshold: 1000

  # SQLite config
  sqlite:
    path: /var/lib/headscale/db.sqlite

    # Enable WAL mode for SQLite. This is recommended for production environments.
    # https://www.sqlite.org/wal.html
    write_ahead_log: true

  # # Postgres config
  # Please note that using Postgres is highly discouraged as it is only supported for legacy reasons.
  # See database.type for more information.
  # postgres:
  #   # If using a Unix socket to connect to Postgres, set the socket path in the 'host' field and leave 'port' blank.
  #   host: localhost
  #   port: 5432
  #   name: headscale
  #   user: foo
  #   pass: bar
  #   max_open_conns: 10
  #   max_idle_conns: 10
  #   conn_max_idle_time_secs: 3600

  #   # If other 'sslmode' is required instead of 'require(true)' and 'disabled(false)', set the 'sslmode' you need
  #   # in the 'ssl' field. Refers to https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/libpq-ssl.html Table 34.1.
  #   ssl: false

### TLS configuration
#
## Let's encrypt / ACME
#
# headscale supports automatically requesting and setting up
# TLS for a domain with Let's Encrypt.
#
# URL to ACME directory
acme_url: https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory

# Email to register with ACME provider
acme_email: ""

# Domain name to request a TLS certificate for:
tls_letsencrypt_hostname: ""

# Path to store certificates and metadata needed by
# letsencrypt
# For production:
tls_letsencrypt_cache_dir: /var/lib/headscale/cache

# Type of ACME challenge to use, currently supported types:
# HTTP-01 or TLS-ALPN-01
# See [docs/tls.md](docs/tls.md) for more information
tls_letsencrypt_challenge_type: HTTP-01
# When HTTP-01 challenge is chosen, letsencrypt must set up a
# verification endpoint, and it will be listening on:
# :http = port 80
tls_letsencrypt_listen: ":http"

## Use already defined certificates:
tls_cert_path: ""
tls_key_path: ""

log:
  # Output formatting for logs: text or json
  format: text
  level: info

## Policy
# headscale supports Tailscale's ACL policies.
# Please have a look to their KB to better
# understand the concepts: https://tailscale.com/kb/1018/acls/
policy:
  # The mode can be "file" or "database" that defines
  # where the ACL policies are stored and read from.
  mode: file
  # If the mode is set to "file", the path to a
  # HuJSON file containing ACL policies.
  path: ""

## DNS
#
# headscale supports Tailscale's DNS configuration and MagicDNS.
# Please have a look to their KB to better understand the concepts:
#
# - https://tailscale.com/kb/1054/dns/
# - https://tailscale.com/kb/1081/magicdns/
# - https://tailscale.com/blog/2021-09-private-dns-with-magicdns/
#
# Please note that for the DNS configuration to have any effect,
# clients must have the `--accept-dns=true` option enabled. This is the
# default for the Tailscale client. This option is enabled by default
# in the Tailscale client.
#
# Setting _any_ of the configuration and `--accept-dns=true` on the
# clients will integrate with the DNS manager on the client or
# overwrite /etc/resolv.conf.
# https://tailscale.com/kb/1235/resolv-conf
#
# If you want stop Headscale from managing the DNS configuration
# all the fields under `dns` should be set to empty values.
dns:
  # Whether to use [MagicDNS](https://tailscale.com/kb/1081/magicdns/).
  # Only works if there is at least a nameserver defined.
  magic_dns: true

  # Defines the base domain to create the hostnames for MagicDNS.
  # This domain _must_ be different from the server_url domain.
  # `base_domain` must be a FQDN, without the trailing dot.
  # The FQDN of the hosts will be
  # `hostname.base_domain` (e.g., _myhost.example.com_).
  base_domain: intra.example.com

  # List of DNS servers to expose to clients.
  nameservers:
    global:
      - 1.1.1.1
      - 1.0.0.1
      - 2606:4700:4700::1111
      - 2606:4700:4700::1001

      # NextDNS (see https://tailscale.com/kb/1218/nextdns/).
      # "abc123" is example NextDNS ID, replace with yours.
      # - https://dns.nextdns.io/abc123

    # Split DNS (see https://tailscale.com/kb/1054/dns/),
    # a map of domains and which DNS server to use for each.
    split:
      {}
      # foo.bar.com:
      #   - 1.1.1.1
      # darp.headscale.net:
      #   - 1.1.1.1
      #   - 8.8.8.8

  # Set custom DNS search domains. With MagicDNS enabled,
  # your tailnet base_domain is always the first search domain.
  search_domains: []

  # Extra DNS records
  # so far only A-records are supported (on the tailscale side)
  # See https://github.com/juanfont/headscale/blob/main/docs/dns-records.md#Limitations
  extra_records: []
  #   - name: "grafana.myvpn.example.com"
  #     type: "A"
  #     value: "100.64.0.3"
  #
  #   # you can also put it in one line
  #   - { name: "prometheus.myvpn.example.com", type: "A", value: "100.64.0.3" }

  # DEPRECATED
  # Use the username as part of the DNS name for nodes, with this option enabled:
  # node1.username.example.com
  # while when this is disabled:
  # node1.example.com
  # This is a legacy option as Headscale has have this wrongly implemented
  # while in upstream Tailscale, the username is not included.
  use_username_in_magic_dns: false

# Unix socket used for the CLI to connect without authentication
# Note: for production you will want to set this to something like:
unix_socket: /var/run/headscale/headscale.sock
unix_socket_permission: "0770"
#
# headscale supports experimental OpenID connect support,
# it is still being tested and might have some bugs, please
# help us test it.
# OpenID Connect
# oidc:
#   only_start_if_oidc_is_available: true
#   issuer: "https://your-oidc.issuer.com/path"
#   client_id: "your-oidc-client-id"
#   client_secret: "your-oidc-client-secret"
#   # Alternatively, set `client_secret_path` to read the secret from the file.
#   # It resolves environment variables, making integration to systemd's
#   # `LoadCredential` straightforward:
#   client_secret_path: "${CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY}/oidc_client_secret"
#   # client_secret and client_secret_path are mutually exclusive.
#
#   # The amount of time from a node is authenticated with OpenID until it
#   # expires and needs to reauthenticate.
#   # Setting the value to "0" will mean no expiry.
#   expiry: 180d
#
#   # Use the expiry from the token received from OpenID when the user logged
#   # in, this will typically lead to frequent need to reauthenticate and should
#   # only been enabled if you know what you are doing.
#   # Note: enabling this will cause `oidc.expiry` to be ignored.
#   use_expiry_from_token: false
#
#   # Customize the scopes used in the OIDC flow, defaults to "openid", "profile" and "email" and add custom query
#   # parameters to the Authorize Endpoint request. Scopes default to "openid", "profile" and "email".
#
#   scope: ["openid", "profile", "email", "custom"]
#   extra_params:
#     domain_hint: example.com
#
#   # List allowed principal domains and/or users. If an authenticated user's domain is not in this list, the
#   # authentication request will be rejected.
#
#   allowed_domains:
#     - example.com
#   # Note: Groups from keycloak have a leading '/'
#   allowed_groups:
#     - /headscale
#   allowed_users:
#     - alice@example.com
#
#   # If `strip_email_domain` is set to `true`, the domain part of the username email address will be removed.
#   # This will transform `first-name.last-name@example.com` to the user `first-name.last-name`
#   # If `strip_email_domain` is set to `false` the domain part will NOT be removed resulting to the following
#   user: `first-name.last-name.example.com`
#
#   strip_email_domain: true

# Logtail configuration
# Logtail is Tailscales logging and auditing infrastructure, it allows the control panel
# to instruct tailscale nodes to log their activity to a remote server.
logtail:
  # Enable logtail for this headscales clients.
  # As there is currently no support for overriding the log server in headscale, this is
  # disabled by default. Enabling this will make your clients send logs to Tailscale Inc.
  enabled: false

# Enabling this option makes devices prefer a random port for WireGuard traffic over the
# default static port 41641. This option is intended as a workaround for some buggy
# firewall devices. See https://tailscale.com/kb/1181/firewalls/ for more information.
randomize_client_port: true